On this day: PNG gains independence
A Simbu boy rehearses for independence day celebrations in Port Moresby in 2005. (Credit: Torsten Blackwood/Getty)
AS THE SUN SET on the afternoon of 15 September 1975, the Australian flag came down for the last time from Hubert Murray Stadium, in Papua New Guinea's capital of Port Moresby. Almost 70 years of Australian governance was coming to an end.
At 9:30 am the next day, a different flag - black and red with a golden bird of paradise - rose on Independence Hill, near a newly formed Parliament House. PNG was no longer an Australian territory but an independent nation.
In contrast to other recently independent states such as Uganda and Kenya, the change of authority in PNG was marked not by bloodshed but by celebration. Sir John Guise, the first Governor-General of PNG, said at the flag lowering ceremony: "It is important the people of Papua New Guinea, and the rest of the world, realise the spirit in which we are lowering the flag of our colonisers. We are lowering the flag, not tearing it down."
Towards independence
Australia shares a complex history with its closest neighbour. The Australian government first assumed responsibility for the southern half of modern-day PNG in 1906, when Prime Minister Edmund Barton agreed to take control of what was then a British colony.
Australia's interest in the region lay primarily in the exclusion of other European powers. At the time, Germany occupied the northern half of PNG, so the southern half served as a buffer zone between the Australian mainland and German territory. During the First World War, Australian forces expelled the Germans, and ex-German New Guinea was also claimed as Australian territory.
When the Japanese invaded PNG in July 1942, Australian and Papua New Guinean soldiers banded together to halt the advance - first at Milne Bay and then along the Kokoda Track. The victories underscored the importance of these territories to Australia's security.
By the 1970s, control of PNG was affording little strategic benefit to Australia and many Papua New Guineans yearned for independence. In 1972, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and PNG leader Michael Somare began working together toward decolonisation. Three years later it became a reality.
The PNG flag features a bird of paradise. (Credit: Getty)
Trial separation
Although formally separated for 36 years, Australia and PNG have maintained a close relationship. "What seemed like a divorce in 1975 is a trial separation, in which the two governments can negotiate a new way of living next to each other," says Donald Denoon, writer and former Professor of History at the University of Papua New Guinea.
With some of the worst health and education problems in the Asia-Pacific region, PNG continues to rely heavily on Australian aid; our government will next year provide $482.3 million in funding to promote development and help lift Papua New Guineans from poverty.
Some historians argue that many of the problems stem from a rushed independence - that PNG was not ready to govern itself. Donald disagrees: "Despite immense problems, Papua New Guinea was well governed for at least a decade after 1975. We cannot assume that longer Australian tutelage would have produced better [native] governance."
Australia is set to provide continuing support, but the ultimate goal is to make PNG self-sustaining. "Papua New Guinea did become independent in 1975," says Donald, "but I now see this as a phase in a much longer relationship, rather than the end of a turbulent story."
RELATED STORIES
Papua New Guinea: Our sultry neighbour
PNG: Country of contrasts
On this day: Australia at war
Tiny new kangaroo: "spectacular find"
PNG languages dying with each generation
Lost Kokoda battlefield rediscovered
PNG find prompts human migration rethink
Aboriginal knowledge helps Kokoda rangers
More On this Day stories...